© César Gilo Gómez

Universidad de Salamanca (España)

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Summary

In today's society, information and communication technologies are a fundamental tool supporting all citizens. Those technologies come to be essential for people´s communication. However, the continuous technological innovation in which today's daily life is mired has not been conveyed to the judiciary in the same degree as the latter tends to usually be more conservative and reluctant to change.

To reverse this trend, the State has produced laws and regulations in recent years in order to try and implement the technological development necessary to shape the traditional facilities and tools of the judiciary in accordance with 21st Century´s Society.

In this technological update, since its first drafting, Law 22/2003, of the ninth of July, on Bankruptcy, has incorporated remarkable changes whose common denominator is the use of new technologies.

These and other issues related to the use of technology as far as the current regulation of bankrupcy provides for are the subject matter of what is exposed here.

© Fredrick Vega-Lozada

Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico (EE.UU.)

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Summary

In the United States of America the legislation to address gender violence in its non-consensual pornography modality, is a state criminal legislation. Sometimes these legislation incorporates individual civil remedies, and collides with freedom of expression, one of the fundamental constitutional rights of the American society.   These legal disputes between the regulation of the content of an expression and the behaviours typified pertinent to non-consensual pornography allows the United States Courts to declare unconstitutional the legislation continuing the gender violence in the modality of non-consensual pornography.

© Luca Giacomelli

University of Florence (Italy)

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Summary

We live in a surveillance society. Bodies become data. Information is plumbed from the body but treated as separate from it, facilitating the creation of a separate virtual ‘body-as-information’. Although social contexts are abstracted away, discriminations are solidified and replicated. Are we really sure that this virtual space is neutral? Tied closely to the surveillance and social control is the classification of sex and gender. Far from being a unifying category, surveillance becomes one of those mechanisms generating exclusion, discrimination and gendered patterns that are collected and circulated in the virtual space. Information technologies haven’t freed from the oppressive gendered discourses that accompany biological embodiment.

The law is unable to go beyond ‘the dilemma of difference’ and surveillance is no exception. Surveillance is innately conservative epistemology and puts normative pressure on non-normative bodies and practices. We can challenge the supposed neutrality of information technologies and surveillance techniques: (i) Virtual bodies discrimination (recognize that big data includes biases in who the data represents); (ii) Context/use discrimination (social contexts are already marked by sexist relations, then surveillance technologies tend to amplify those tensions); (iii) Discrimination by abstraction (surveillance operates upon masculine and paternalistic logic).

© Elisa Gutiérrez García

Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

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Summary

The appearance of the cinematographic work in the legal scene as an object of copyright protection was a complicated task that was both attempted to harmonize internationally and move to national legislations, along with the other existing creative realities. However, this new kind of work presented some characteristics in its creation and exploitation that made it more complex than the rest of existing works until then and that were dealt with in a different way by countries.

This paper seeks to give the reader an overview of the different regulatory responses that the main legal systems have articulated in the international scene when dealing with the ownership of exploitation rights over cinematographic works, with special attention to the Spanish case.

©Monserrat Olivos Fuentes

Universidad de Guanajuato (México)

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Summary

The new vision of the Mexican State, recently accepted, has focused on the fight against corruption, in order to reverse the dramatically high social, political and economic costs derived from it. The struggle against the problem requires the analysis of the achievements and the alternative ways that have been implemented, in order to unveil the strengths and weaknesses of the mechanisms proposed to abate such issue.

Among the efforts made there is the implementation of strategies that allow the State to be transparent, based upon three patterns that in just over fifteen years have been implemented, but that do not yield the expected results or meet the expectations. We refer to the National System of Transparency, the National Anticorruption System and the Alliance for Open Governments.

               In this context, this paper goes through the impact of these models in the municipalities of the country, considering that they are one of the links that present the biggest delay in terms of transparency, due to the variety of problems that characterize them, such as inequity; the lack of mechanisms for proper document´s management, the lack of qualified and trained personnel; regulatory gaps or the scarcity of resources.

A nuestros lectores, un saludo, como es habitual, tras las vacaciones, merecidas, de verano. El equipo que habitualmente trabaja en la Revista ha acordado que ha llegado el momento de modificar, ligeramente, el nombre de nuestra publicación. En efecto, son muchos, muchísimos, los artículos que se reciben en la Redacción relativos a todas las manifestaciones de las nuevas tecnologías y sus efectos sobre el Derecho, en cualquier dimensión: la jurisprudencia, las normas, la doctrina de los autores. En adelante la revista que mantiene su acrónimo se calificará en el logo como “La Revista del Derecho de la Comunicación y de las Nuevas Tecnologías”. De esta manera pasamos a acoger, no sólo de hecho, sino también de derecho, a todos los autores y sus obras que, ocupándose de las nuevas tecnologías, logran aplicar una perspectiva formal iusinformativa o se ocupan, sustantivamente, por algún motivo, o con algún enfoque, del derecho a la información o de la libertad de expresión. Gracias a todos los que ya han confiado en nosotros y han enviado sus avanzados trabajos.

Continuando con nuestra vocación internacionalizadora, que en esta ocasión supone el 40 por ciento de las aportaciones,  recibimos y publicamos un trabajo del Profesor Vega-Lozada, de Puerto Rico, sobre un fenómeno muy extendido, y muy desagradable, por cierto, además de injusto para quien lo sufre: la pornovenganza. Por su parte, el abogado Rubén Rodríguez Abril aborda una cuestión inquietante, como es la de la seguridad jurídica en internet, en su artículo sobre la fe criptográfica. No muy lejos de este tema, el también abogado Dr. Gilo Gómez se centra en el papel de las nuevas tecnologías en los concursos de acreedores. A pesar de que el tema es claramente mercantil, la presencia de Internet como medio trae el asunto a nuestra publicación y a nuestro temario habitual pues también los grandes grupos de comunicación pueden verse afectados por los dos fenómenos que el autor estudia: las nuevas tecnologías y el concurso de acreedores. A su vez, la Profesora Salvador Benítez se ocupa de los avisos legales en Internet: su dimensión y su trascendencia. Luca Giacomelli realiza un profundo repaso sobre la sociedad de la vigilancia, potenciadísima por las nuevas tecnologías, y la perspectiva de género que opera también sobre la norma. Y, finalmente, Monika Kwiatkowska profundiza en los contratos de tratamiento de datos personales. 

El otro fenómeno contemporáneo que ocupa cada vez a más autores es el de la transparencia, asociada a la rendición de cuentas, a la participación y al gobierno abierto. Sobre este tema, aunque con diferentes preocupaciones, escriben  Monserrat Olivos Fuentes y Mariana Herrera Capriz; Monserrat Olivos la lleva a los municipios mejicanos y, por su parte,  Mariana Herrera analiza la naturaleza de la transparencia, dándole un enfoque ético-jurídico, en tanto que valor.

En último lugar, Elisa Gutiérrez García realiza un estudio fundamental o de base sobre el Derecho y la Cinematografía. Los temas audiovisuales no nos abandonan.

Dejamos una vez más estas aportaciones académicas, fruto en alguno de los casos de proyectos de investigación, en manos de nuestros lectores, para que las juzguen y las compartan.

Carolina del Valle Montoya Santiago

Métodos y Tecnologías de Sistemas y Procesos SL.

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Summary

The new laws for the protection of personal data, both at European and at national level, point to a greater specification on the regulation of this category of sensitive data which, in principle, should provide greater clarity to the treatment of information concerning this type of data and, more specifically, the health message. However, if the regulatory development is exceeded, as it may have happened with the Organic Law 3/2018, the interpretation of the theoretical basis of the protected right may throw a halo of legal lack of accuracy.

The sections of this Law begin by defining the basic regulation for the exercise of the right to the protection of personal data, stating that it will be done in accordance with the provisions of both Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and the Spanish Organic Law itself; consequently, this is the legal framework by which the data relative to the health of the people are governed. In the same section, the Spanish legislator introduces, for the first time, specifically, the recognition of the protection of personal data as a fundamental right of natural persons in line with what is precisely stated in Regulation (EU) 2016/679 which should be developed by the Spanish Act.

However, a constitutional basis is added to the right that concerns us, its guarantee being placed under the protection of article 18.4 of the Spanish Constitution concerning the rights to honor and to privacy. This asset is not included in the European Regulation, and it might hapen that by inserting it in the content of the Law, the defence of the right to information that also underlies the information self-determination could vanish into thin air, thus tipping the balance against the right to receive one´s own health information as a part of the whole right to information.

Monika Kwiatkowska

Ping Identity Corporation

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Summary

Putting in place a data processing agreement between a data controller and a data processor (or a data processor and a data sub-processor) is a requirement for data processed within the scope of GDPR. This document, which is a proper contract between the two parties, aims to ensure that everyone involved is handling personal data in accordance with GDPR's stipulations and in line with the rules pre-established by the parties. Most importantly, it lays down requirements for data processors to meet before they are trusted with the data provided by the data controller. Both data controller and processor are, however, often driven by divergent interests when establishing such document. Main challenges are the ones relating to: responsibility for determining the scope and types of data processed; obligations to assist and cooperate; liability for implementation of adequate security measures and for security incidents; exercising data subjects' rights; questions relating to data residency and international data transfers; use of sub-processors; timeframe for notification obligations, etc. 

The paper is a practical perspective on how these different issues are addressed by the business and what arguments can be raised by each party when discussing various aspects of the data processing.

©Rafael del Real Rubio

Instituto de Empresa (España)

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©María Luisa Sánchez Calero

Universidad Complutense de Madrid (España)

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Summary

Immersed in the information age as we are, the technology has changed our lives and we are permanently connected through many types of devices. A situation that daily generates a trail of data. This digital fingerprint is undoubtedly being used by external agents to know our habits and choices, which could mean the unfair and illegal use of information about ourselves.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the legal risks that may arise in terms of privacy from the lack of transparency in the collection and processing of our data and how the legislative authority in the matter has reacted to this phenomenon.

We will analyze how Data Journalism, nowadays booming as a result of the technological revolution in which we are involved, by using the open data made available by the public sector to citizens and the media, can cause breaches of the right to protection of data as a result of the reuse of personal data in the preparation of news.

Following this line, through the analysis of the EU General Data Protection Regulation, it will become clear how the necessary balance between technological innovation in the field of Artificial Intelligence and respect for citizens values and rights can be achieved.

As a result of the analysis, the need to enhance the implementation of the so-called "Governance of Data" will be considered as a fundamental tool to ensure the quality, control and exploitation of citizen´s data and as a guarantee of the compliance of law by the organizations.

© Antonio Troncoso Reigada

Universidad de Cádiz (España)

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Summary 

In this contribution we address the object of the Organic Law 3/2018, of December the 5^th, on the Protection of Personal Data and the Guarantee of Digital Rights, specifically its evolution during the parliamentary procedure and its relationship with the object of the General Regulation of Data Protection of the European Union. An explanation is given about the context in which the delay of this law´s approval took place as well as about  its entry into force foreseen in the Sixteenth Final Provision.